Frequently asked questions
Modern physics confuses the terms space, time, matter, energy. In reality these words describe the same entity. In the Universe there is also a single law or logic that describes itself. We can't expect to have a good answer for these questions, unless we can think in terms of the singular intrinsic logic inside the cosmos, that encompasses everything. Our questions about the Universe, are not driven by the spirit of this intrinsic logic and hence even questions that may appear significant to us, such as "about The Big Bang", are in reality of secondary importance. The initial state of the Universe, must be a state of unbelievable simplicity and beauty for the human standards and brain, because it is a state of existence described by a mysterious law of self consistency. Our current ignorance and luck of data is combined with poor reason to create a unique blend of monstrous complexity and incomprehensibility. At this moment we know that the total energy inside the Universe must be zero, otherwise it would be unreasonable for a state of positive value to arise from zero. Although it is extremely difficult for us to answer the question of what happened during the Big Bang, the answer is extremely simple and hence it would be unfair for us to continue our mental efforts to answer this question, unless we are willing to view the Universe from a different angle, which would mean to give an answer outside the currently accepted theories. Let us make this effort at a different place and time, but not at this moment here. In the Universe it is unreasonable for both zero and infinity or even finite values to preexist for an eternity. The Universe knows about a fourth way of self existence...
Asymptotic safety is a theory in theoretical physics that suggests that the gravitational force, described by the theory of general relativity, becomes weaker at very high energies. This could prevent the formation of singularities, such as those that are thought to exist at the center of black holes. According to asymptotic safety, as the energy of a system increases, the gravitational coupling constant (which determines the strength of the gravitational force) decreases, eventually becoming small enough to prevent the formation of singularities. If this theory is correct, it would suggest that black holes may not form in the way that is currently understood, and that the laws of physics may behave differently at very high energies.
Asymptotic safety is an active area of research and is not yet a fully developed theory. While it has received some support from observations and calculations, it is not yet widely accepted as a replacement for the theory of general relativity.
Life is indeed possible, as evidenced by our own existence. However, the appearance of alien life forms would be unimaginable to us, especially in a Universe with different chemical elements and laws of nature. Even highly advanced aliens would be bound by the laws of nature, limiting their capabilities. This could explain why we have not yet encountered them.
While black holes cannot be directly observed with electromagnetic radiation, several pieces of observational evidence support their existence: The orbits of stars in galaxies suggest the presence of supermassive black holes at their centers. Jets from quasars, powered by supermassive black holes, emit particles due to the black hole's spin. Gravitational waves, detected as ripples in spacetime, indicate black hole mergers. X-ray binaries, where a normal star orbits a compact object like a black hole, provide indirect evidence. The final stages of massive star evolution, leading to black hole formation, have been observed. The M87 galaxy's supermassive black hole, imaged by the Event Horizon Telescope in 2019, showed the black hole's "shadow." Theoretical evidence includes predictions from Einstein's general relativity and the laws of thermodynamics, which suggest black holes should exist due to their high entropy.
This is a challenging question, much like how ancient Greeks struggled to understand what lay beyond their known stars. Today, we know about cosmic background radiation and the Universe's accelerated expansion. If space itself expands, it must have a material existence, suggesting it expands into a larger Universe rather than into nothingness. The question of why something exists rather than nothing is simpler: nothingness cannot exist. Our existence proves this. The Universe's intrinsic logic necessitates the existence of something rather than nothing, as nothingness would imply a lack of logic, which is unreasonable.
Unification in physics refers to the process of combining different fundamental forces and principles into a single, simpler framework. This approach aims to reveal the underlying logic that governs the entire Universe. However, unifying all known forces and particles into one may not fully capture the complexity of the Universe, as it extends beyond our observable limits and could be influenced by larger, unknown factors.
According to the laws of thermodynamics, the entropy of a black hole is proportional to the surface area of the event horizon, the boundary beyond which events cannot be observed. This relationship is known as the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula, and it states that the entropy of a black hole is given by:
S = k * A / (4 * l^2)
where S is the entropy of the black hole, k is the Boltzmann constant, A is the surface area of the event horizon, and l is the Planck length (a fundamental unit of length in physics).
The entropy of a black hole is a measure of the amount of information that is contained within the black hole. The event horizon acts as a boundary around the black hole, separating the inside of the black hole from the outside. According to the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy formula, the entropy of the black hole is encoded on the surface of the event horizon, rather than within the black hole itself.
It's important to note that the concept of entropy in black holes is still a subject of active research and debate, and there are some aspects of this relationship that are not yet fully understood.
Recent advancements in theoretical physics include: The discovery of the Higgs boson in 2012 by the Large Hadron Collider (LHC), confirming a key part of the Standard Model of particle physics. The first detection of gravitational waves in 2015 by the LIGO collaboration, validating a prediction of Einstein's general relativity and opening new avenues for studying the cosmos. Significant progress in quantum computing, with machines leveraging quantum mechanics to perform complex calculations faster than classical computers. Advances in quantum information theory, enhancing secure communication protocols and deepening our understanding of quantum mechanics. Development of new theoretical frameworks like string theory and loop quantum gravity, aiming to unify our understanding of fundamental forces.
There have been many important developments in mathematics over the past 100 years. Some of the most significant developments include:
The development of modern algebra: In the early 20th century, the field of algebra was revolutionized by the development of abstract algebra, which studies algebraic structures in a more general and abstract way. This development led to the creation of new mathematical objects, such as groups, rings, and fields, which have had a profound impact on many areas of mathematics and physics.
The discovery of new geometric structures: In the last 100 years, there have been many discoveries of new geometric structures, including the development of topology and differential geometry. These new structures have opened up new areas of research and have had important applications in physics and other fields.
The development of set theory: Set theory, which is the study of sets and their properties, has played a central role in the development of modern mathematics. In the last 100 years, set theory has been used to define the foundations of mathematics and has led to the development of new areas of research, such as descriptive set theory and large cardinals.
The study of mathematical logic: Mathematical logic, which is the study of logical systems and their applications, has made significant progress in the last 100 years. This progress has led to the development of new fields, such as model theory and proof theory, and has had important applications in computer science and other fields.
The study of number theory: Number theory, which is the study of the properties of numbers and their relationships, has seen many important developments in the last 100 years. This includes the development of new methods for studying prime numbers, the study of algebraic number theory, and the application of number-theoretic concepts to cryptography.